THE USE DEBATE TO IMPROVE STUDENT SPEAKING SKILL
Kiki Noventrio Hermawanto
Ahmad Dahlan University
kiki.hermawan@gmail.com
Abstrack
In this era, speaking skill is one from four skills such us; listening speaking, reading, and writting. Speaking skill is very imporetant to mastered by all of the student on the world becausse, by mastering speaking we can comunicate, share, and transform our knowladge and information to others people in the world.
To improve our student speaking skill we can find various method, such us; role-play, drama, debate and soon. Debate is the methode which can improve our student speaking skill, because when students practicing debate, the student can trained how to prunoun well the words or santences, student can explore their vocabulary and student can more confident to speak to others people.
So this papper will discuss how debate can inmprove student speaking skill, and the the stranges ank weaknesess of the debate. So the reader will know what the problem that will finds if use this method, and the reader can solve the problem.
1. INTRODUCTION
English is very important especially in education. In the context of learning English, “Speaking is an interactive process of constructing meaning that involves producing and receiving and processing information” (Brown, 1994; Burns & Joyce, 1997). In this decision Speaking is that’s important skill which that student need to communication to other people in the world. Many english teachers had difficultiesto finds effective teaching techniques for their students. In general, teaching speaking only on the teaching of vocabulary and not the how to produce the words with correct pronunciation or the fluency. As a result the correction process by teacher only ask the student to remembers the words.
To facilitate the teaching speaking, as a teacher we need a method that helps in the speaking learning process. Debate is one of several ways to teach the student speaking skills. Debate is a form of argument then it logically follows that there must be something to argue about. In debate the student must be show their argument or the idea’s that he/she believes. The students must be brainstorming the idea’s and talk to others friends orally. So this train the student logical thinking.
Debate is new method that teacher can do for teach the student speaking skills teacher can make a different situation in learning process. Usually the students felt bored in the class because the learning process is monotonous there is nothing some think interesting.
By using debate method teacher be able to improve student speaking skills. Students will be familiar with the appropriate language to the source of language and more easily to speak loudly with good pronunciation because the student was usually to speak out, with their friends.
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
Teaching speaking in the class is useful for the students. According to Harmer (2009:123), these are the main reason for getting the students to speak in the classroom. First, speaking activities provide rehearsal opportunities. Make the students have opportunities to practice real-life speaking in safety of the classroom. Second, speaking task in which the students try to use the language they know. There is a feed back for both teacher and the students. Last, more students have opportunities to activate the various elements of language they have stored in their brain, automatic their use this elements become.
Teaching is not easy job, but it can be very interesting when the teacher can join with the students. As another teaching method, teaching speaking needs cooperation between teacher with students or students with other students. "The teaching of speaking depends on there being a classroom culture speaking, and that classroom need to become talking classroom” (Thornbury in Harmer, 2000:123).
Many language learners regard speaking ability as the measure of knowing a language. These learners define fluency as the ability to converse with others, much more than the ability to read, write, or comprehend oral language. They regard speaking as the most important skill they can acquire, and they assess their progress in terms of their accomplishments in spoken communication.
Language learners need to recognize that speaking involves three areas of knowledge:
Mechanics (pronunciation, grammar, and vocabulary): Using the right words in the right order with the correct pronunciation
Functions (transaction and interaction): Knowing when clarity of message is essential (transaction/information exchange) and when precise understanding is not required (interaction/relationship building)
Social and cultural rules and norms (turn-taking, rate of speech, length of pauses between speakers, relative roles of participants): Understanding how to take into account who is speaking to whom, in what circumstances, about what, and for what reason.
2.1 Methods of Debate
Debating in the classroom can take many forms.Thefollowing debate methods offer a range of opportunities to increase student understanding and involvement with course material especially in speaking. This section will discuss the following types of debate: four corner, role-play, fishbowl, think-pair-share, and meeting house.
The four corner debate
The four corner debatestarts with a question or statement, Students are then afforded time topersonally consider the statement and their view based on the law. The four cornersof theclassroom are labeled “strongly agree,” “agree,” “disagree,” and “strongly disagree.” After personal consideration, the students move to the corner that most represents theirposition on the issue. The groups in each corner of the classroom thenwork together tocome up with the bestarguments for their position. After a specified time for group discussion, each group presentstheir strongest arguments to the other groups. This can be made in presentation form or througha more directed debate where the professor or assigned students can moderate and direct time foreach group to present and rebut. After thedebate, students are permitted to switch sides if theirpersonal views changed. This form of debate directly counters the argument of dualism,showing there are more than two-sides to an issue, and often, variations of the sides.
Role-play debates
Role-play debatesalso help to avoid dualistic debate models by assigning students toargue on behalf of different characters in a situation. For instance, in the issue of national healthcare, studentscould be assigned to various roles, such as doctor, patient, a wealthy person, a poorperson,lawyer, a judge, an insurance company, the president, and so on. Through the debateof theissue from various points of view, the students can broaden their understanding of theissue and its complexity.
Fishbowl debates
Fishbowl debatescan take several different forms, but usually involve grouping chairs in a circle pattern. Several chairs are then placed inside the circle for teams representing the different positions of the debate. Chairs can also be added for several students representingtheaudience. To bolster attention among those outside the fishbowl, an empty chair can beadded,which is free game, allowing someone from the outside to enter the fishbowl to ask aquestion ormake an argument.
Think-pair-share debates
Think-pair-share debatesrequire students to think and make notes alone about the issue. After personal reflection is completed, pairs are formed. The pairs then work together,comparing their notes and creating lists to support both sides of the issue. Once complete, thepairs of two are combined with another pair. The newly formed groups of four discuss theissue,choose a position, and edit their list down to their best arguments. Finally, the groupsof fourpresent their position and reasons to the class.
Meeting-house debates
Meeting-house debates and problem-solving debates are variations of the LincolnDouglasdebatemodel.Ina meetingHousedebate,each team makes an opening argument. The class is then given theopportunity to question each side. The professor serves as moderator,ensuring each side getsan equal amount of time to argue. In order to encourage more classparticipation and limit certain students from dominating the questioning, the professor couldassign cards to each student. After each question, the questioner gives up one card. Once a student is out of cards, he or she cannot ask another question until all other students run out of cards. Alternatively, if three cards are assigned, a questioner that has two cards remaining maybe limited from asking another question until everyone else in the class has only two cards.
3. DISCUSSION
In every method in teaching there are many advantages and disadvantages, so the teacher must be understand the basic of the method. In teaching speaking, debate has several advantages to the teacher and student such us; Increase the student vocabulary, Increase the student self confidence, Teaching the student team work, and Learn about moral.
Increase the student vocabulary
We know that in speaking, vocabulary is one of the important things for student to mastering. In debate student will learn a lot of vocabulary because the student must show the argument related the motion that teacher give. The student will search new vocabulary to show their argument. So that is why debate can increase the student vocabulary.
Increase the student self confidence
In debate the student will always practice their speaking so it’s help the student to increase their confidence in speaking. More confidence the student their more essier to mastering english because the student can get alot of information, and vocabulary with comunication which is through debate.
Teach the student team work
The student can learn about team work, because in debate the student must work in team. Every student must help each other to show their argument. The first speakers will introduce their general argument of their team. The second speakers explain and rebuttal the opposite team which counter their first speaker. The third speakers must concluded all of argument of their friends and rebuttal the second speakers. So every members of the team must be solid.
Learn about moral
The teachers can teach about moral to the student with debate. The teacher can give the motion about moral review or the problem which related about moral so the student not only study about the vocabulary or speaking, but the student can learn about moral in social society.
The teachers more eassier to teach speaking with debate. There a lot of advantages if the teacher use the debate method. But in this method tyeacher will find a fiew of poblem to teach such us:
Difficult to manage the time of learning process
The learning process will take along time because in this methode student will spent most of their time to debate/speak. The teacher must manage the time carefully, so each student can speak/ debate.
The situation of the class can out of controll
It is important for teacher to manage the situation of the class. Because in this method each of student will speak to others , and it will make the situation crowded and out of controll. Teachers the teachers oblidge to controll the situation.
The passive student will less to practice
in the debate method student oblidge to active in the class. the problem is if the student is passive that will less to practice their speaking ability. The teacher must attract the passive student to active in the learning process.
4. Conclution
Teaching english especialy in teaching speaking contain various kinds of methode one of them is debate. Debate is methode that focus on student activity, the student will spent most of their time to speak/ debat. The teacher just to be facilitator. In the debate method that is contain a lot of stranges such us; increase the student vocabulary, increase the student self confidence, student can learn about moral, and soon.
In the others hand thats not only advantages if use this methode. The teachers will find a fiew of troubles like; difficult to manage the time of learning process, the situation of the class can out of controll, so the teacher must solve the problem to make the learning process succesfull.
So we can conclude that, the use debate method to improve student speaking skill is effective to teach speaking because, there are a lot of strange then the weakness of this method.
Refrencess
Burns, A. and Joyce, H. (1997) Focus on Speaking. Sydney: National Centre for
English Language Teaching and Research.
Harmer, Jeremy. 2009. How to Teach English. England: Longman.
Hanif, Ibrahim, dkk.2012. Handbook Of Parliamentary Debating. Jogjakarta.: JDF
Kiki Noventrio Hermawanto
Ahmad Dahlan University
kiki.hermawan@gmail.com
Abstrack
In this era, speaking skill is one from four skills such us; listening speaking, reading, and writting. Speaking skill is very imporetant to mastered by all of the student on the world becausse, by mastering speaking we can comunicate, share, and transform our knowladge and information to others people in the world.
To improve our student speaking skill we can find various method, such us; role-play, drama, debate and soon. Debate is the methode which can improve our student speaking skill, because when students practicing debate, the student can trained how to prunoun well the words or santences, student can explore their vocabulary and student can more confident to speak to others people.
So this papper will discuss how debate can inmprove student speaking skill, and the the stranges ank weaknesess of the debate. So the reader will know what the problem that will finds if use this method, and the reader can solve the problem.
1. INTRODUCTION
English is very important especially in education. In the context of learning English, “Speaking is an interactive process of constructing meaning that involves producing and receiving and processing information” (Brown, 1994; Burns & Joyce, 1997). In this decision Speaking is that’s important skill which that student need to communication to other people in the world. Many english teachers had difficultiesto finds effective teaching techniques for their students. In general, teaching speaking only on the teaching of vocabulary and not the how to produce the words with correct pronunciation or the fluency. As a result the correction process by teacher only ask the student to remembers the words.
To facilitate the teaching speaking, as a teacher we need a method that helps in the speaking learning process. Debate is one of several ways to teach the student speaking skills. Debate is a form of argument then it logically follows that there must be something to argue about. In debate the student must be show their argument or the idea’s that he/she believes. The students must be brainstorming the idea’s and talk to others friends orally. So this train the student logical thinking.
Debate is new method that teacher can do for teach the student speaking skills teacher can make a different situation in learning process. Usually the students felt bored in the class because the learning process is monotonous there is nothing some think interesting.
By using debate method teacher be able to improve student speaking skills. Students will be familiar with the appropriate language to the source of language and more easily to speak loudly with good pronunciation because the student was usually to speak out, with their friends.
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
Teaching speaking in the class is useful for the students. According to Harmer (2009:123), these are the main reason for getting the students to speak in the classroom. First, speaking activities provide rehearsal opportunities. Make the students have opportunities to practice real-life speaking in safety of the classroom. Second, speaking task in which the students try to use the language they know. There is a feed back for both teacher and the students. Last, more students have opportunities to activate the various elements of language they have stored in their brain, automatic their use this elements become.
Teaching is not easy job, but it can be very interesting when the teacher can join with the students. As another teaching method, teaching speaking needs cooperation between teacher with students or students with other students. "The teaching of speaking depends on there being a classroom culture speaking, and that classroom need to become talking classroom” (Thornbury in Harmer, 2000:123).
Many language learners regard speaking ability as the measure of knowing a language. These learners define fluency as the ability to converse with others, much more than the ability to read, write, or comprehend oral language. They regard speaking as the most important skill they can acquire, and they assess their progress in terms of their accomplishments in spoken communication.
Language learners need to recognize that speaking involves three areas of knowledge:
Mechanics (pronunciation, grammar, and vocabulary): Using the right words in the right order with the correct pronunciation
Functions (transaction and interaction): Knowing when clarity of message is essential (transaction/information exchange) and when precise understanding is not required (interaction/relationship building)
Social and cultural rules and norms (turn-taking, rate of speech, length of pauses between speakers, relative roles of participants): Understanding how to take into account who is speaking to whom, in what circumstances, about what, and for what reason.
2.1 Methods of Debate
Debating in the classroom can take many forms.Thefollowing debate methods offer a range of opportunities to increase student understanding and involvement with course material especially in speaking. This section will discuss the following types of debate: four corner, role-play, fishbowl, think-pair-share, and meeting house.
The four corner debate
The four corner debatestarts with a question or statement, Students are then afforded time topersonally consider the statement and their view based on the law. The four cornersof theclassroom are labeled “strongly agree,” “agree,” “disagree,” and “strongly disagree.” After personal consideration, the students move to the corner that most represents theirposition on the issue. The groups in each corner of the classroom thenwork together tocome up with the bestarguments for their position. After a specified time for group discussion, each group presentstheir strongest arguments to the other groups. This can be made in presentation form or througha more directed debate where the professor or assigned students can moderate and direct time foreach group to present and rebut. After thedebate, students are permitted to switch sides if theirpersonal views changed. This form of debate directly counters the argument of dualism,showing there are more than two-sides to an issue, and often, variations of the sides.
Role-play debates
Role-play debatesalso help to avoid dualistic debate models by assigning students toargue on behalf of different characters in a situation. For instance, in the issue of national healthcare, studentscould be assigned to various roles, such as doctor, patient, a wealthy person, a poorperson,lawyer, a judge, an insurance company, the president, and so on. Through the debateof theissue from various points of view, the students can broaden their understanding of theissue and its complexity.
Fishbowl debates
Fishbowl debatescan take several different forms, but usually involve grouping chairs in a circle pattern. Several chairs are then placed inside the circle for teams representing the different positions of the debate. Chairs can also be added for several students representingtheaudience. To bolster attention among those outside the fishbowl, an empty chair can beadded,which is free game, allowing someone from the outside to enter the fishbowl to ask aquestion ormake an argument.
Think-pair-share debates
Think-pair-share debatesrequire students to think and make notes alone about the issue. After personal reflection is completed, pairs are formed. The pairs then work together,comparing their notes and creating lists to support both sides of the issue. Once complete, thepairs of two are combined with another pair. The newly formed groups of four discuss theissue,choose a position, and edit their list down to their best arguments. Finally, the groupsof fourpresent their position and reasons to the class.
Meeting-house debates
Meeting-house debates and problem-solving debates are variations of the LincolnDouglasdebatemodel.Ina meetingHousedebate,each team makes an opening argument. The class is then given theopportunity to question each side. The professor serves as moderator,ensuring each side getsan equal amount of time to argue. In order to encourage more classparticipation and limit certain students from dominating the questioning, the professor couldassign cards to each student. After each question, the questioner gives up one card. Once a student is out of cards, he or she cannot ask another question until all other students run out of cards. Alternatively, if three cards are assigned, a questioner that has two cards remaining maybe limited from asking another question until everyone else in the class has only two cards.
3. DISCUSSION
In every method in teaching there are many advantages and disadvantages, so the teacher must be understand the basic of the method. In teaching speaking, debate has several advantages to the teacher and student such us; Increase the student vocabulary, Increase the student self confidence, Teaching the student team work, and Learn about moral.
Increase the student vocabulary
We know that in speaking, vocabulary is one of the important things for student to mastering. In debate student will learn a lot of vocabulary because the student must show the argument related the motion that teacher give. The student will search new vocabulary to show their argument. So that is why debate can increase the student vocabulary.
Increase the student self confidence
In debate the student will always practice their speaking so it’s help the student to increase their confidence in speaking. More confidence the student their more essier to mastering english because the student can get alot of information, and vocabulary with comunication which is through debate.
Teach the student team work
The student can learn about team work, because in debate the student must work in team. Every student must help each other to show their argument. The first speakers will introduce their general argument of their team. The second speakers explain and rebuttal the opposite team which counter their first speaker. The third speakers must concluded all of argument of their friends and rebuttal the second speakers. So every members of the team must be solid.
Learn about moral
The teachers can teach about moral to the student with debate. The teacher can give the motion about moral review or the problem which related about moral so the student not only study about the vocabulary or speaking, but the student can learn about moral in social society.
The teachers more eassier to teach speaking with debate. There a lot of advantages if the teacher use the debate method. But in this method tyeacher will find a fiew of poblem to teach such us:
Difficult to manage the time of learning process
The learning process will take along time because in this methode student will spent most of their time to debate/speak. The teacher must manage the time carefully, so each student can speak/ debate.
The situation of the class can out of controll
It is important for teacher to manage the situation of the class. Because in this method each of student will speak to others , and it will make the situation crowded and out of controll. Teachers the teachers oblidge to controll the situation.
The passive student will less to practice
in the debate method student oblidge to active in the class. the problem is if the student is passive that will less to practice their speaking ability. The teacher must attract the passive student to active in the learning process.
4. Conclution
Teaching english especialy in teaching speaking contain various kinds of methode one of them is debate. Debate is methode that focus on student activity, the student will spent most of their time to speak/ debat. The teacher just to be facilitator. In the debate method that is contain a lot of stranges such us; increase the student vocabulary, increase the student self confidence, student can learn about moral, and soon.
In the others hand thats not only advantages if use this methode. The teachers will find a fiew of troubles like; difficult to manage the time of learning process, the situation of the class can out of controll, so the teacher must solve the problem to make the learning process succesfull.
So we can conclude that, the use debate method to improve student speaking skill is effective to teach speaking because, there are a lot of strange then the weakness of this method.
Refrencess
Burns, A. and Joyce, H. (1997) Focus on Speaking. Sydney: National Centre for
English Language Teaching and Research.
Harmer, Jeremy. 2009. How to Teach English. England: Longman.
Hanif, Ibrahim, dkk.2012. Handbook Of Parliamentary Debating. Jogjakarta.: JDF
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